pidstat命令

发表于2020-02-26|更新于2025-03-24|科技·TechLinux工具箱·Linux Toolbox

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命令用途

pidstat 是一个用于统计进程资源使用情况的 Linux 命令。它可以显示特定进程的 CPU、内存、I/O 等资源使用情况，适用于分析系统性能问题，监控进程行为等。

常用用法示例

显示所有进程的 CPU 使用情况

pidstat
Linux 4.15.0-96-generic (hostname) 	02/26/2025 	_x86_64_	(2 CPU)
12:00:00      UID       PID    %usr %sys %guest %wait %idle CPU
12:00:01     1000      2384    0.10  0.02    0.00    0.00   99.88   0
12:00:02     1000      2385    0.12  0.03    0.00    0.00   99.85   1
...

该命令显示了每个进程在各个 CPU 核心上的 CPU 使用情况。

显示每个进程的内存使用情况

pidstat -r
12:00:00      UID       PID   minflt/s  majflt/s   VSZ  RSS
12:00:01     1000      2384     0.05       0.00  12345  1234
12:00:02     1000      2385     0.04       0.01  12567  5678
...

显示了每个进程的内存页面缺页次数、虚拟内存大小（VSZ）、常驻内存集大小（RSS）等信息。

显示某个特定进程的 CPU 使用情况

pidstat -p 1234
12:00:00      UID       PID    %usr %sys %guest %wait %idle CPU
12:00:01     1000      1234    0.10  0.05    0.00    0.00   99.85   1
...

通过 -p 选项，可以查看 PID 为 1234 的进程的 CPU 使用情况。

按照进程显示每秒的 CPU 使用情况

pidstat -u 1
12:00:00      UID       PID    %usr %sys %guest %wait %idle CPU
12:00:01     1000      2384    0.15  0.02    0.00    0.00   99.83   0
12:00:02     1000      2385    0.10  0.01    0.00    0.00   99.89   1
...

此命令每秒输出一次 CPU 使用情况，适用于实时监控。

显示指定时间间隔内每个进程的 CPU 使用情况

pidstat -u 2 5
12:00:00      UID       PID    %usr %sys %guest %wait %idle CPU
12:00:02     1000      2384    0.10  0.02    0.00    0.00   99.88   0
12:00:04     1000      2385    0.12  0.03    0.00    0.00   99.85   1
...

此命令会每 2 秒输出一次，共输出 5 次统计数据。

显示进程的 I/O 使用情况

pidstat -d
12:00:00      UID       PID  kB_rd/s kB_wr/s kB_ccwr/s
12:00:01     1000      2384    0.12    0.34     0.01
12:00:02     1000      2385    0.15    0.50     0.02
...

通过 -d 选项，查看每个进程的 I/O 读写情况。

显示所有进程的上下文切换情况

pidstat -w
12:00:00      UID       PID   cswch/s  nvcswch/s
12:00:01     1000      2384    0.01      0.02
12:00:02     1000      2385    0.02      0.03
...

该命令显示了进程的上下文切换（cswch）及其数量（nvcswch）。

显示进程的线程使用情况

pidstat -t
12:00:00      UID       PID   TGID   %usr %sys %guest %wait %idle CPU
12:00:01     1000      2384  2384   0.10  0.02    0.00    0.00   99.88   0
12:00:02     1000      2385  2385   0.12  0.03    0.00    0.00   99.85   1
...

通过 -t 选项，显示每个进程的线程相关的 CPU 使用情况。

显示内存使用率

pidstat -r 1
12:00:00      UID       PID   minflt/s  majflt/s   VSZ   RSS
12:00:01     1000      2384     0.03       0.01   1234   234
12:00:02     1000      2385     0.05       0.01   1256   456
...

此命令每秒输出一次每个进程的内存使用情况。

显示进程的 CPU 和内存使用情况

pidstat -u -r
12:00:00      UID       PID   %usr %sys %guest %wait %idle CPU   VSZ   RSS
12:00:01     1000      2384   0.12  0.03    0.00    0.00   99.85 12345  1234
12:00:02     1000      2385   0.10  0.02    0.00    0.00   99.88 12567  5678
...

使用 -u 和 -r 选项同时显示 CPU 和内存使用情况。

显示特定时间间隔内所有进程的 I/O 使用情况

pidstat -d 2 5
12:00:00      UID       PID  kB_rd/s kB_wr/s kB_ccwr/s
12:00:02     1000      2384    0.12    0.34     0.01
12:00:04     1000      2385    0.15    0.50     0.02
...

每 2 秒输出一次，共输出 5 次 I/O 使用情况。

显示进程的所有资源使用情况

pidstat -d -u -r -w
12:00:00      UID       PID   %usr %sys %guest %wait %idle CPU   VSZ   RSS  kB_rd/s kB_wr/s kB_ccwr/s cswch/s nvcswch/s
12:00:01     1000      2384   0.10  0.02    0.00    0.00   99.88 12345  1234   0.12    0.34     0.01    0.01      0.02
12:00:02     1000      2385   0.12  0.03    0.00    0.00   99.85 12567  5678   0.15    0.50     0.02    0.02      0.03
...

该命令结合了多种选项，显示进程的 CPU、内存、I/O 和上下文切换等多个资源的使用情况。

常用参数选项

-u, –cpu
显示每个进程的 CPU 使用情况。
-r, –memory
显示每个进程的内存使用情况。
-d, –io
显示每个进程的 I/O 使用情况。
-w, –context
显示每个进程的上下文切换情况。
-p, –pid
指定要监控的进程 ID（PID）。
-t, –threads
显示进程的线程使用情况。
-h, –help
显示帮助信息。
-V, –version
显示 pidstat 版本信息。
-s, –summarize
按汇总显示统计信息，合并多个进程的资源使用情况。
-I, –interval
指定时间间隔，单位为秒，用于每隔一定时间刷新输出。
-l, –long
以更详细的格式显示信息，显示更多统计字段。
-c, –cpu-summary
显示每个 CPU 核心的使用情况。

原厂文档

NAME
       pidstat - Report statistics for Linux tasks.


SYNOPSIS
       pidstat [ -d ] [ -H ] [ -h ] [ -I ] [ -l ] [ -R ] [ -r ] [ -s ] [ -t ] [
       -U [ username ] ] [ -u ] [ -V ] [ -v ] [ -w ] [ -C comm ] [ -G
       process_name ] [ --dec={ 0 | 1 | 2 } ] [ --human ] [ -o JSON ] [ -p {
       pid[,...]  | SELF | ALL } ] [ -T { TASK | CHILD | ALL } ] [ interval [
       count ] ] [ -e program args ]


DESCRIPTION
       The pidstat command is used for monitoring individual tasks currently
       being managed by the Linux kernel.  It writes to standard output
       activities for every task selected with option -p or for every task
       managed by the Linux kernel if option -p ALL has been used. Not selecting
       any tasks is equivalent to specifying -p ALL but only active tasks (tasks
       with non-zero statistics values) will appear in the report.

       The pidstat command can also be used for monitoring the child processes
       of selected tasks.  Read about option -T below.

       The interval parameter specifies the amount of time in seconds between
       each report.  A value of 0 (or no parameters at all) indicates that tasks
       statistics are to be reported for the time since system startup (boot).
       The count parameter can be specified in conjunction with the interval
       parameter if this one is not set to zero. The value of count determines
       the number of reports generated at interval seconds apart. If the
       interval parameter is specified without the count parameter, the pidstat
       command generates reports continuously.

       You can select information about specific task activities using flags.
       Not specifying any flags selects only CPU activity.


OPTIONS
       -C comm
              Display only tasks whose command name includes the string comm.
              This string can be a regular expression.

       -d     Report I/O statistics (kernels 2.6.20 and later only).  The
              following values may be displayed:

              UID    The real user identification number of the task being
                     monitored.

              USER   The name of the real user owning the task being monitored.

              PID    The identification number of the task being monitored.

              kB_rd/s
                     Number of kibibytes the task has caused to be read from
                     disk per second.

              kB_wr/s
                     Number of kibibytes the task has caused, or shall cause to
                     be written to disk per second.

              kB_ccwr/s
                     Number of kibibytes whose writing to disk has been
                     cancelled by the task. This may occur when the task
                     truncates some dirty pagecache. In this case, some IO which
                     another task has been accounted for will not be happening.

              iodelay
                     Block I/O delay of the task being monitored, measured in
                     clock ticks. This metric includes the delays spent waiting
                     for sync block I/O completion and for swapin block I/O
                     completion.

              Command
                     The command name of the task.

       --dec={ 0 | 1 | 2 }
              Specify the number of decimal places to use (0 to 2, default value
              is 2).

       -e program args
              Execute program with given arguments args and monitor it with
              pidstat.  pidstat stops when program terminates.  A non-zero value
              must be specified for the interval parameter.

       -G process_name
              Display only processes whose command name includes the string
              process_name.  This string can be a regular expression. If option
              -t is used together with option -G then the threads belonging to
              that process are also displayed (even if their command name
              doesn't include the string process_name).

       -H     Display timestamp in seconds since the epoch.

       -h     Display all activities horizontally on a single line, with no
              average statistics at the end of the report. This is intended to
              make it easier to be parsed by other programs.

       --human
              Print sizes in human readable format (e.g. 1.0k, 1.2M, etc.)  The
              units displayed with this option supersede any other default units
              (e.g.  kibibytes, sectors...) associated with the metrics.

       -I     In an SMP environment, indicate that tasks CPU usage (as displayed
              by option -u) should be divided by the total number of processors.

       -l     Display the process command name and all its arguments.

       -o JSON
              Display the statistics in JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
              format.  JSON output field order is undefined, and new fields may
              be added in the future.

       -p { pid[,...] | SELF | ALL }
              Select tasks (processes) for which statistics are to be reported.
              pid is the process identification number. The SELF keyword
              indicates that statistics are to be reported for the pidstat
              process itself, whereas the ALL keyword indicates that statistics
              are to be reported for all the tasks managed by the system.

       -R     Report realtime priority and scheduling policy information.  The
              following values may be displayed:

              UID    The real user identification number of the task being
                     monitored.

              USER   The name of the real user owning the task being monitored.

              PID    The identification number of the task being monitored.

              prio   The realtime priority of the task being monitored.

              policy The scheduling policy of the task being monitored.

              Command
                     The command name of the task.

       -r     Report page faults and memory utilization.

              When reporting statistics for individual tasks, the following
              values may be displayed:

              UID    The real user identification number of the task being
                     monitored.

              USER   The name of the real user owning the task being monitored.

              PID    The identification number of the task being monitored.

              minflt/s
                     Total number of minor faults the task has made per second,
                     those which have not required loading a memory page from
                     disk.

              majflt/s
                     Total number of major faults the task has made per second,
                     those which have required loading a memory page from disk.

              VSZ    Virtual Size: The virtual memory usage of entire task in
                     kibibytes.

              RSS    Resident Set Size: The non-swapped physical memory used by
                     the task in kibibytes.

              %MEM   The tasks's currently used share of available physical
                     memory.

              Command
                     The command name of the task.

              When reporting global statistics for tasks and all their children,
              the following values may be displayed:

              UID    The real user identification number of the task which is
                     being monitored together with its children.

              USER   The name of the real user owning the task which is being
                     monitored together with its children.

              PID    The identification number of the task which is being
                     monitored together with its children.

              minflt-nr
                     Total number of minor faults made by the task and all its
                     children, and collected during the interval of time.

              majflt-nr
                     Total number of major faults made by the task and all its
                     children, and collected during the interval of time.

              Command
                     The command name of the task which is being monitored
                     together with its children.

       -s     Report stack utilization.  The following values may be displayed:

              UID    The real user identification number of the task being
                     monitored.

              USER   The name of the real user owning the task being monitored.

              PID    The identification number of the task being monitored.

              StkSize
                     The amount of memory in kibibytes reserved for the task as
                     stack, but not necessarily used.

              StkRef The amount of memory in kibibytes used as stack, referenced
                     by the task.

              Command
                     The command name of the task.

       -T { TASK | CHILD | ALL }
              This option specifies what has to be monitored by the pidstat
              command. The TASK keyword indicates that statistics are to be
              reported for individual tasks (this is the default option) whereas
              the CHILD keyword indicates that statistics are to be globally
              reported for the selected tasks and all their children. The ALL
              keyword indicates that statistics are to be reported for
              individual tasks and globally for the selected tasks and their
              children.

              Note: Global statistics for tasks and all their children are not
              available for all options of pidstat.  Also these statistics are
              not necessarily relevant to current time interval: The statistics
              of a child process are collected only when it finishes or it is
              killed.

       -t     Also display statistics for threads associated with selected
              tasks.

              This option adds the following values to the reports:

              TGID   The identification number of the thread group leader.

              TID    The identification number of the thread being monitored.

       -U [ username ]
              Display the real user name of the tasks being monitored instead of
              the UID.  If username is specified, then only tasks belonging to
              the specified user are displayed.

       -u     Report CPU utilization.

              When reporting statistics for individual tasks, the following
              values may be displayed:

              UID    The real user identification number of the task being
                     monitored.

              USER   The name of the real user owning the task being monitored.

              PID    The identification number of the task being monitored.

              %usr   Percentage of CPU used by the task while executing at the
                     user level (application), with or without nice priority.
                     Note that this field does NOT include time spent running a
                     virtual processor.

              %system
                     Percentage of CPU used by the task while executing at the
                     system level (kernel).

              %guest Percentage of CPU spent by the task in virtual machine
                     (running a virtual processor).

              %wait  Percentage of CPU spent by the task while waiting to run.

              %CPU   Total percentage of CPU time used by the task. In an SMP
                     environment, the task's CPU usage will be divided by the
                     total number of CPU's if option -I has been entered on the
                     command line.

              CPU    Processor number to which the task is attached.

              Command
                     The command name of the task.

              When reporting global statistics for tasks and all their children,
              the following values may be displayed:

              UID    The real user identification number of the task which is
                     being monitored together with its children.

              USER   The name of the real user owning the task which is being
                     monitored together with its children.

              PID    The identification number of the task which is being
                     monitored together with its children.

              usr-ms Total number of milliseconds spent by the task and all its
                     children while executing at the user level (application),
                     with or without nice priority, and collected during the
                     interval of time. Note that this field does NOT include
                     time spent running a virtual processor.

              system-ms
                     Total number of milliseconds spent by the task and all its
                     children while executing at the system level (kernel), and
                     collected during the interval of time.

              guest-ms
                     Total number of milliseconds spent by the task and all its
                     children in virtual machine (running a virtual processor).

              Command
                     The command name of the task which is being monitored
                     together with its children.

       -V     Print version number then exit.

       -v     Report values of some kernel tables. The following values may be
              displayed:

              UID    The real user identification number of the task being
                     monitored.

              USER   The name of the real user owning the task being monitored.

              PID    The identification number of the task being monitored.

              threads
                     Number of threads associated with current task.

              fd-nr  Number of file descriptors associated with current task.

              Command
                     The command name of the task.

       -w     Report task switching activity (kernels 2.6.23 and later only).
              The following values may be displayed:

              UID    The real user identification number of the task being
                     monitored.

              USER   The name of the real user owning the task being monitored.

              PID    The identification number of the task being monitored.

              cswch/s
                     Total number of voluntary context switches the task made
                     per second.  A voluntary context switch occurs when a task
                     blocks because it requires a resource that is unavailable.

              nvcswch/s
                     Total number of non voluntary context switches the task
                     made per second.  An involuntary context switch takes place
                     when a task executes for the duration of its time slice and
                     then is forced to relinquish the processor.

              Command
                     The command name of the task.


ENVIRONMENT
       The pidstat command takes into account the following environment
       variables:

       S_COLORS
              By default statistics are displayed in color when the output is
              connected to a terminal.  Use this variable to change the
              settings. Possible values for this variable are never, always or
              auto (the latter is equivalent to the default settings).
              Please note that the color (being red, yellow, or some other
              color) used to display a value is not indicative of any kind of
              issue simply because of the color. It only indicates different
              ranges of values.

       S_COLORS_SGR
              Specify the colors and other attributes used to display statistics
              on the terminal.  Its value is a colon-separated list of
              capabilities that defaults to
              I=32;22:N=34;1:W=35;1:X=31;1:Z=34;22.  Supported capabilities are:

              I=     SGR (Select Graphic Rendition) substring for item values
                     like PID, UID or CPU number.

              N=     SGR substring for non-zero statistics values and for tasks
                     names.

              W= (or M=)
                     SGR substring for percentage values in the range from 75%
                     to 90% (or in the range 10% to 25% depending on the
                     metric's meaning).

              X= (or H=)
                     SGR substring for percentage values greater than or equal
                     to 90% (or lower than or equal to 10% depending on the
                     metric's meaning).

              Z=     SGR substring for zero values and for threads names.

       S_TIME_FORMAT
              If this variable exists and its value is ISO then the current
              locale will be ignored when printing the date in the report
              header. The pidstat command will use the ISO 8601 format (YYYY-MM-
              DD) instead.  The timestamp will also be compliant with ISO 8601
              format.


EXAMPLES
       pidstat 2 5
              Display five reports of CPU statistics for every active task in
              the system at two second intervals.

       pidstat -r -p 1643 2 5
              Display five reports of page faults and memory statistics for PID
              1643 at two second intervals.

       pidstat -C "fox|bird" -r -p ALL
              Display global page faults and memory statistics for all the
              processes whose command name includes the string "fox" or "bird".

       pidstat -T CHILD -r 2 5
              Display five reports of page faults statistics at two second
              intervals for the child processes of all tasks in the system. Only
              child processes with non-zero statistics values are displayed.


BUGS
       /proc filesystem must be mounted for the pidstat command to work.

       Although pidstat displays units corresponding to kilobytes (kB),
       megabytes (MB)..., it actually uses kibibytes (kiB), mebibytes (MiB)...
       A kibibyte is equal to 1024 bytes, and a mebibyte is equal to 1024
       kibibytes.


FILES
       /proc contains various files with system statistics.


AUTHOR
       Sebastien Godard (sysstat <at> orange.fr)


SEE ALSO
       sar(1), top(1), ps(1), mpstat(1), iostat(1), vmstat(8)

       https://github.com/sysstat/sysstat
       https://sysstat.github.io/

文章作者: Chan Revival

文章链接: https://www.crsky.uk/posts/linux-cmd-pidstat.html

版权声明: 本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 许可协议。转载请注明来源 Chan Revival Sky！

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回到手册索引命令用途du（disk usage）命令用于统计文件和目录所占用的磁盘空间，帮助用户快速了解文件系统的空间分布情况。常用用法示例显示当前目录各子目录的磁盘使用情况（人性化显示） 1234du -h4.0K ./subdir18.0K ./subdir212K . 以易读的格式（如K、M、G）显示当前目录下每个子目录或文件所占的空间。统计指定目录的总磁盘使用量 12du -sh /home/user1.2G /home/user 说明：使用 -s 选项汇总显示指定目录的总空间，并用 -h 选项以人性化格式展示。显示指定目录及其所有子文件和子目录的详细空间占用 1234du -ah /var/log4.0K /var/log/alternatives.log12K /var/log/syslog16K /var/log 说明：-a 选项使得命令不仅显示目录，还显示所有文件的磁盘占用情况。显示当前目录下各子目录的空间占用（限制层级为1） 1234du --max-depth=18 ./folder14 ./folder212 . 说明：--max-depth=1 限制递归显示的目录层级，便于快速查看当前目录下各子目录的总占用。显示当前目录及所有文件的空间占用 12345du -a4 ./file1.txt4 ./subdir/file2.log8 ./subdir12 . 说明：-a 选项递归列出所有文件和目录的磁盘使用情况，适合详细分析每个文件的占用。跨文件系统时，限制只统计当前文件系统内的使用情况 1234du -xh /4.0K /boot1.5G /home2.0G / 说明：-x...

回到手册索引命令用途yum（Yellowdog Updater Modified）是 CentOS/RHEL 等 Linux 发行版中基于 RPM 的软件包管理器，主要用于自动安装、升级、删除软件包，以及管理软件仓库依赖关系。常用用法示例安装指定软件包 12sudo yum install httpd（输出：显示依赖关系、下载进度及安装完成提示）从配置的仓库中下载并安装 httpd 及其依赖项。更新所有已安装的软件包 12sudo yum update（输出：列出可更新软件包列表，确认后执行更新）更新系统中所有已安装的软件包到最新版本。删除指定软件包 12sudo yum remove httpd（输出：提示删除的软件包及其依赖项，确认后执行删除）卸载 httpd 及其不再需要的依赖项。搜索关键字匹配的软件包 1234567891011121314151617yum search nginxAlmaLinux 9 - AppStream 5.1 MB/s | 13 MB 00:02 AlmaLinux 9 - BaseOS 5.6 MB/s | 13 MB 00:02 AlmaLinux 9 - Extras ...

回到手册索引命令用途w 命令用于显示当前登录系统的用户信息及其正在执行的进程，包括用户、终端、来源 IP、登录时间、空闲时间及活动进程等。常用用法示例默认显示所有登录用户及活动 12345w12:34:56 up 1:23, 3 users, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHATuser1 pts/0 192.168.1.10 11:15 5.00s 0.10s 0.00s sshd: user1user2 tty2 :0 10:30 2:00m 1:20 0.02s /usr/bin/bash 显示当前所有登录用户的详细信息，包括终端、来源、空闲时间及运行命令。仅显示指定用户的信息 1234w user112:34:56 up 1:23, 3 users, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHATuser1 pts/0 192.168.1.10 11:15 5.00s 0.10s 0.00s sshd: user1 仅输出用户 user1 的登录信息。短格式显示（隐藏登录时间和 JCPU/PCPU） 12345w -s12:34:56 up 1:23, 3 users, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05USER TTY FROM IDLE WHATuser1 pts/0 192.168.1.10 5.00s sshd: user1user2 tty2 :0 2:00m /usr/bin/bash 简化输出，省略 LOGIN@、JCPU 和 PCPU 列。不显示标题头 123w -huser1 pts/0...

回到手册索引命令用途top 命令是 Linux 系统中用于实时监控系统进程和资源使用情况的动态工具，可查看 CPU、内存、任务负载等信息，并按需排序或过滤进程。常用用法示例默认启动，实时监控系统状态 12top（输出包含进程列表、CPU/内存使用率、负载等动态信息）默认界面每3秒刷新一次，展示所有进程的资源占用情况。按 CPU 使用率排序进程 123top（进入界面后按大写 P）（进程列表按 CPU% 从高到低排序）通过交互命令 P 快速定位高 CPU 消耗的进程。按内存使用率排序进程 123top（进入界面后按大写 M）（进程列表按 MEM% 从高到低排序）通过交互命令 M 快速定位高内存占用的进程。仅监控指定用户的进程 12top -u www-data（仅显示用户 www-data 的进程）过滤特定用户的进程，便于针对性分析。设置刷新间隔为2秒 12top -d 2（界面刷新间隔调整为2秒）通过 -d 参数自定义刷新频率。显示完整命令路径 12top -c（COMMAND 列显示进程的完整启动命令）查看进程的完整执行路径，方便排查问题。批处理模式输出 12top -n 3 -b > top_log.txt（将3次刷新结果输出到文件，适合脚本处理）结合 -n 和 -b 参数实现非交互式记录。监控指定进程ID 12top -p 1234,5678（仅显示 PID 为1234和5678的进程）精准监控特定进程的资源使用情况。常用参数选项 -d <秒>, –delay=<秒>设置刷新间隔时间（默认3秒），如 top -d 5。 -p <PID1,PID2,…>,...

回到手册索引命令用途time 命令用于测量 Linux 命令的执行时间，输出其实际运行时间（real）、用户态 CPU 时间（user）和内核态 CPU 时间（sys），帮助分析命令性能。常用用法示例基本用法：测量命令执行时间 1234time ls -lreal 0m0.003suser 0m0.001ssys 0m0.002s 测量 ls -l 命令的执行时间，输出各阶段耗时。测量长时间运行的命令 1234time sleep 1real 0m1.002suser 0m0.001ssys 0m0.001s 测量 sleep 1 的执行时间，real 接近 1 秒，而 CPU 占用极低。将输出重定向到文件 12345/usr/bin/time -o output.txt lsoutput.txt 内容0.00user 0.00system 0:00.00elapsed 100%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 1784maxresident)k0inputs+0outputs (0major+76minor)pagefaults 0swaps 使用 /usr/bin/time 并将结果保存到 output.txt。测量脚本执行时间 1234time ./script.shreal 0m0.123suser 0m0.045ssys 0m0.078s 测量 Shell 脚本的总执行时间。结合管道命令测量 1234time find / -name "*.txt" 2>/dev/null | wc -lreal 0m2.456suser 0m0.234ssys 0m0.567s 测量管道命令的总耗时（包含 find 和...

回到手册索引命令用途tail 命令用于显示文件的末尾内容（默认显示最后10行），常用于实时监控日志文件更新。常用用法示例显示文件末尾默认10行 12345tail file.log[Line 91] 2023-10-01 12:00:00 INFO Service started[Line 92] 2023-10-01 12:00:05 DEBUG Processing request...[Line 100] 2023-10-01 12:00:30 INFO Connection closed 输出 file.log 的最后10行内容。指定显示末尾行数 1234tail -n 5 file.log[Line 96] 2023-10-01 12:00:25 WARN Low memory...[Line 100] 2023-10-01 12:00:30 INFO Connection closed 仅显示文件最后5行。实时跟踪文件更新 12tail -f access.log（持续输出新增内容，直到按 Ctrl+C 终止）监控文件实时变化，常用于查看日志追加内容。跟踪文件并显示文件名 123tail -f -v server.log==> server.log <==[New Line] 2023-10-01 12:01:00 INFO New request -v 参数会在输出时显示被监控的文件名。同时跟踪多个文件 123456tail -f app.log error.log==> app.log <==[New log]...==> error.log <==[Error]... 实时监控多个文件的更新内容，并标注来源文件。静默模式显示多个文件 12345678tail -q -n 3...

回到手册索引命令用途smartctl 是 Linux 中用于监控和分析磁盘驱动器 SMART（Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology）数据的工具，可检测磁盘健康状态并预测潜在故障。常用用法示例检查磁盘健康状态 12smartctl -H /dev/sdaSMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED 输出 PASSED 表示磁盘健康状态正常，FAILED 表示存在潜在故障。显示磁盘全部 SMART 信息 12345678910smartctl -a /dev/sda=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===Model Family: Western Digital Blue...=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16Vendor Specific SMART Attributes:ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 200 200 051 Pre-fail Always... 显示磁盘型号、固件版本、SMART属性表、错误日志等详细信息。启用/禁用磁盘的 SMART 功能 12smartctl -s on /dev/sdaSMART Enabled. -s on 启用 SMART 监控，-s off 则禁用。执行短时间自检（通常 2 分钟） 123smartctl -t short...

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