ls命令

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命令用 ls（list）是 Linux/Unix 系统中最基础的文件管理命令，用于列出目录中的文件和子目录信息，默认按字母顺序排序并显示文件名

常用用法示例

1. 列出当前目录内容（不包含隐藏文件）

   ls
   file1.txt dir1 image.jpg docs

   显示当前目录下的非隐藏文件和目录名称
2. 列出所有文件（包含隐藏文件

   ls -a
   . .. .bashrc file1.txt dir1 .cache

   -a 参数显示所有文件（含以 . 开头的隐藏文件）
3. 长格式显示详细信

   ls -l
   -rw-r--r-- 1 user group 1024 Jan 1 10:00 file1.txt
   drwxr-xr-x 2 user group 4096 Jan 1 10:00 dir1

   -l 参数显示文件权限、所有者、大小、修改时间等详细信息
4. 按修改时间排序（最新优先）

   ls -lt
   image.jpg docs file1.txt dir1

   -t 参数按修改时间从新到旧排序
5. 按文件大小排序（从大到小 ）

   ls -lS
   drwxr-xr-x 2 user group 4096 Jan 1 10:00 dir1
   -rw-r--r-- 1 user group 1024 Jan 1 10:00 file1.txt

   -S 参数按文件大小降序排列
6. 递归列出子目录内

   ls -R
   .:
   file1.txt dir1
   
   ./dir1:
   subfile.txt

   -R 参数递归显示当前目录及所有子目录的内容
7. 显示文件类型标识

   ls -F
   file1.txt dir1/ script.sh*

   -F 参数在文件名后添加符号表示类型（ / 表示目录 表示可执行文件）
8. 以人性化格式显示文件大小

ls -lh
-rw-r--r-- 1 user group 1.0K Jan 1 10:00 file1.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 user group 4.0K Jan 1 10:00 dir1

-h 参数将文件大小转换为易读格式（如 KB、MB）

常用参数选项

• -a, –all
  显示所有文件，包括 . 开头的隐藏文件
• -l
  以长格式显示文件详细信息（权限、所有者、大小等）
• -h, –human-readable -l 结合使用，以 KB、MB 等易读格式显示文件大小
• • -t
    按文件修改时间排序（最新优先）
• -S
  按文件大小降序排列
• -R, –recursive
  递归列出所有子目录的内容
• -F, –classify
  在文件名后附加类型标识符（如 / 表示目录）
• -i, –inode
  显示文件 inode 编号（文件在文件系统中的唯一标识）

原厂文档

NAME

       ls - list directory contents

SYNOPSIS

       ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION

       List information about the FILEs (the current directory by
       default).  Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor
       --sort is specified.

       Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short
       options too.

       -a, --all
              do not ignore entries starting with .

       -A, --almost-all
              do not list implied . and ..

       --author
              with -l, print the author of each file

       -b, --escape
              print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters

       --block-size=SIZE
              with -l, scale sizes by SIZE when printing them; e.g.,
              '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below

       -B, --ignore-backups
              do not list implied entries ending with ~

       -c     with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last change of
              file status information); with -l: show ctime and sort by
              name; otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first

       -C     list entries by columns

       --color[=WHEN]
              color the output WHEN; more info below

       -d, --directory
              list directories themselves, not their contents

       -D, --dired
              generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode

       -f     same as -a -U

       -F, --classify[=WHEN]
              append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries WHEN

       --file-type
              likewise, except do not append '*'

       --format=WORD
              across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column
              -1, verbose -l, vertical -C

       --full-time
              like -l --time-style=full-iso

       -g     like -l, but do not list owner

       --group-directories-first
              group directories before files

       -G, --no-group
              in a long listing, don't print group names

       -h, --human-readable
              with -l and -s, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.

       --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024

       -H, --dereference-command-line
              follow symbolic links listed on the command line

       --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
              follow each command line symbolic link that points to a
              directory

       --hide=PATTERN
              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
              (overridden by -a or -A)

       --hyperlink[=WHEN]
              hyperlink file names WHEN

       --indicator-style=WORD
              append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none
              (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify
              (-F)

       -i, --inode
              print the index number of each file

       -I, --ignore=PATTERN
              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

       -k, --kibibytes
              default to 1024-byte blocks for file system usage; used
              only with -s and per directory totals

       -l     use a long listing format

       -L, --dereference
              when showing file information for a symbolic link, show
              information for the file the link references rather than
              for the link itself

       -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries

       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
              like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs

       -N, --literal
              print entry names without quoting

       -o     like -l, but do not list group information

       -p, --indicator-style=slash
              append / indicator to directories

       -q, --hide-control-chars
              print ? instead of nongraphic characters

       --show-control-chars
              show nongraphic characters as-is (the default, unless
              program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)

       -Q, --quote-name
              enclose entry names in double quotes

       --quoting-style=WORD
              use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale,
              shell, shell-always, shell-escape, shell-escape-always, c,
              escape (overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)

       -r, --reverse
              reverse order while sorting

       -R, --recursive
              list subdirectories recursively

       -s, --size
              print the allocated size of each file, in blocks

       -S     sort by file size, largest first

       --sort=WORD
              change default 'name' sort to WORD: none (-U), size (-S),
              time (-t), version (-v), extension (-X), name, width

       --time=WORD
              select which timestamp used to display or sort; access time
              (-u): atime, access, use; metadata change time (-c): ctime,
              status; modified time (default): mtime, modification; birth
              time: birth, creation;

              with -l, WORD determines which time to show; with
              --sort=time, sort by WORD (newest first)

       --time-style=TIME_STYLE
              time/date format with -l; see TIME_STYLE below

       -t     sort by time, newest first; see --time

       -T, --tabsize=COLS
              assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8

       -u     with -lt: sort by, and show, access time; with -l: show
              access time and sort by name; otherwise: sort by access
              time, newest first

       -U     do not sort directory entries

       -v     natural sort of (version) numbers within text

       -w, --width=COLS
              set output width to COLS.  0 means no limit

       -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns

       -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension

       -Z, --context
              print any security context of each file

       --zero end each output line with NUL, not newline

       -1     list one file per line

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
              output version information and exit

       The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is
       10*1024).  Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y,R,Q (powers of 1024) or
       KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).  Binary prefixes can be used, too:
       KiB=K, MiB=M, and so on.

       The TIME_STYLE argument can be full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or
       +FORMAT.  FORMAT is interpreted like in date(1).  If FORMAT is
       FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files
       and FORMAT2 to recent files.  TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix-'
       takes effect only outside the POSIX locale.  Also the TIME_STYLE
       environment variable sets the default style to use.

       The WHEN argument defaults to 'always' and can also be 'auto' or
       'never'.

       Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default
       and with --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits color codes
       only when standard output is connected to a terminal.  The
       LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings.  Use the
       dircolors(1) command to set it.

   Exit status:
       0      if OK,

       1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),

       2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line
              argument).

AUTHOR

       Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.

REPORTING BUGS

       GNU coreutils online help:
       <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
       Report any translation bugs to
       <https://translationproject.org/team/>

COPYRIGHT

       Copyright © 2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License GPLv3+:
       GNU GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
       This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO

       dircolors(1)

       Full documentation <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls>
       or available locally via: info '(coreutils) ls invocation'

COLOPHON

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       have a bug report for this manual page, see
       ⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/   This page was obtained
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